Key take-aways
- Economists look at a number of indicators or sets of data to determine whether we’re in a recession. More often than not, slowing growth in the economy plays a role.
- Every business cycle includes a period of recession. Some recessions are shorter, some longer. The impact also varies.
- Recessions can create short-term pain in the market. But they don’t tend to disrupt investors over the long term.
Real income
This number measures how much people earn, adjusted for inflation. It’s not just the pay you receive. It‘s about how far your money goes. When real income drops, you can’t afford to buy as much. When this happens to a lot of people, demand for goods and services falls.
Employment
Combined with real income, this number gives us a clearer picture of the financial health of the consumer. Are they working and earning money they can spend? This is important since consumer spending makes up 65-70% of GDP.
Industrial production
This number can help us determine if a recession is starting. When companies see demand is falling, they may cut back their production. This lowers GDP – which in turn drives the economy closer to recession.
Wholesale and retail sales
These numbers can be used to assess the spending of consumers.
These indicators work together to help us understand the business cycle – including the stage that’s called a recession. Economists look at all these things and more to understand the expansion and contraction in economic activity over time.
How often do we experience a recession?
Think of the business cycle as a natural cycle, like the four seasons – although often stretched out over years, rather than months. Roughly speaking, the business cycle is marked by six different stages as shown below. How long each stage lasts and its impact varies from one cycle to the next.
Source: RBC GAM
Each stage of the cycle reflects a different level of economic activity. By the time the business cycle passes through expansion and into the “peak,” we often see areas of the economy beginning to overheat. This happens when the economy starts to run at a pace that it can’t sustain. There simply isn’t enough supply to meet all the demand. This often fuels inflation, as scarce supply can drive prices up.
In response, central banks like the Bank of Canada or U.S. Federal Reserve may raise interest rates. This is called tightening monetary policy. It’s designed to slow consumer spending and bring economic activity back into balance.
What typically follows is a recession, as tighter conditions often reduce demand for goods and services. As consumers spend less, this impacts how much companies produce, their willingness and capacity to hire, and ultimately leads to a general slowdown in economic activity.
Do all recessions follow the same path?
No. The causes of a recession tend to affect its length and depth. For example, there was a recession in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was exceptionally deep, due to the widespread lockdowns. But it didn’t last long in many countries due to the actions of government and central banks, and the rapid reopening of economies.
The recession that happened with the 2008 financial crisis was different. It was caused when excess borrowing met with rising interest rates. This added to other issues in the housing market as people began to default on their mortgages. The resulting credit crisis spread globally and took years to resolve. Compared to typical recessions, the 2008 financial crisis was both exceptionally deep and long.
Whatever lies ahead for the economy, we know that business cycles will continue to come and go. So will recessions. They are an uncomfortable part of the business cycle.
How do recessions affect me as an investor?
Recessions and bear markets tend to go hand in hand. Investors will often feel short-term pain. But recessions don’t usually disrupt investors over the long term. As you can see in the chart below, historically markets have risen over time.
U.S. recessions and equity bear markets go hand in hand
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Source: RBC GAM, Bloomberg. For the period of January 1, 1960 to April 30, 2025. Recession periods based on data from the National Bureau of Economic Research. This graph does not reflect transaction costs, investment management fees or taxes. If such costs and fees were reflected, returns would be lower. An investment cannot be made directly into an index.
To sum it up
To sum it up, the economy and businesses are constantly adapting to changing conditions. Sometimes that process is painful. But if recessions are painful, they are typically very short. Over the years included in the chart above, the economy was in recession for about nine of them. That’s less than 15% of the time.
That’s good news for investors who stay in the market for the long term - whether we’re in a recession now or not.